The average levy of taxes and social contributions on labor income has increased in most OECD countries in 2011, with the notable exception of the United States, according to the latest survey on the taxation of wages published by the organization of the Château de la Muette.

For single workers without children, the heaviest tax systems are in Belgium (55.5% of gross salary from taxes), Germany (49.8%), Hungary and France (49.4%). The tax charge used by the OECD includes taxes on income but also social contributions and employer.

For families with two children on one income, tax systems are the highest in France (42.3%), Belgium (40.3%) and Italy (38.6%), while the Switzerland (8.4%) and Ireland (7.1%) among the lower-taxed countries.

But crisis requires, in 2011 the average tax burden for people earning the average wage increased by 0.3%, notably due to the increase in income tax, the OECD notes. The largest increases were recorded in Ireland (+3.8 points), Hungary (+2.4) and Portugal (+1.4), three European countries highly affected by the crisis. In France, the rise was moderate, from 0.2% to 0.3% year on year, according to the fireplaces.

The United States formed the exception. The total tax wedge is indeed decreased by 0.9 point in 2011, due to a reduction in employee social security contributions which more than offset an increase in income taxes resulting from the expiration of the tax credit recoverable for temporary make work pay.

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From our correspondent in Rome

With a key concession, Mario Monti has torn their agreement to the political forces for reform of labor law that has as its capital for renewed growth.

"The bill I will introduce to Parliament represents a historic opportunity to create jobs, improve the labor market in quality and quantity and reduce unemployment permanently," he said at a news conference Wednesday night . Beside him, the Minister of Labour, Elsa Fornero, extensively detailed a complex reform which should significantly reduce the uncertainty and guarantee coverage to millions of young people without permanent jobs.

To overcome the ongoing wrangle by the confederation CGIL working, the most powerful and most left unions and the Democratic Party who had followed suit, the government had to make some concessions. These concern the right of dismissal, framed by Article 18 of the Labour Code, considered an intangible acquired by the unions. Elsa Fornero recognizes that Article 18 is "a great conquest of labor law, but must adapt to a world profoundly changed" since its adoption in 1970.

Arbitration courts

In cases of collective redundancy, compensation of twelve to twenty months is expected. If it is a disciplinary dismissal, no reinstatement is possible pay day advance. However, if it is an individual disciplinary dismissal without "just cause" (or "unfounded", said Mario Monti), it is for the judge to decide whether to order reinstatement or award of compensation. In the previous version, any notion of reintegration was excluded.

Pier Luigi Bersani, the leader of the Democratic Party – left – has defined the amendment "a very important step forward." The leader of the main leftist party feels relieved not to have to hire a showdown with the government it supports Monti since his inauguration last November. Mario Monti would like to see adopted its reform as soon as possible, by the summer. It does not exclude liability to ensure that this reform is distorted by the amendments.

The government wants to give a signal quickly to reassure the markets, while the borrowing rate differential with Germany is ironed on Thursday at 358 basis points, the highest in a month. After the pension reform in December and January of liberalization, reform of the labor market is the third stage of the crisis of Italy.

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Times are tough for Philips. Former world number one on many markets consumer electronics, the Dutch group continues to see its market share decline. Including the segment of headphones, one of the most promising areas of the moment. In two years, sales of helmets rose 30% in France. Philips has lost eight points of market share. In 2012, 10 million headsets, for a total of 330 million euros, should be sold in the Hexagon, according to GfK.

The reverse is even more difficult to accept for the group Philips has negotiated very well the transition from stereo to the Dock. The Netherlands has 18% market share in France and his throne at the top spot in Europe. A turn much less negotiated in helmets. "New entrants have redefined the market. They even reinvented, "says Olivier Ginet, CEO of Philips Lifestyle France. For Philips, the challenge is daunting. The brand is certainly recognized in the field of audio, but not by the young crowd, follower of headphones. The trend marks are called Beats by Dr. Dre (acquired by HTC), Wesc, Sennheiser … And they have driven prices up. This is another feature of this market in one year, prices rose on average by 18% in 2011.

Target young

To adapt to this new deal, Philips has decided to launch a new brand, Fidelio, dedicated to high-end, with selling prices between 199 and 280 euros fast payday loan. In the heart of range, the group leverages its alliance with the sports brand O'Neill to rejuvenate its image. Partnerships with leading figures in music or sports are also considered. Philips, however, recognized the sound quality offered by its products, decreased the size of its logo on his headphones.

"We will work to rejuvenate the brand by focusing our efforts on communication," says Olivier Ginet. A point that its competitors have mastered perfectly. Dr. Dre and is the favorite brand of football players. Philips has tried to reciprocate by equipping players XV of France during the last Rugby World Cup. But that did not have the same impact.

The Dutch must now prevail in the headphones, or risk seeing its brand is devalued, particularly in the smartphone docking stations.

Now Philips has developed the "Appssesories", that is to say, accessories for smart phones with a dedicated application. It may as well be a video camera associated with an application to monitor his house (or children) at a distance, or a scale to monitor his weight curve. Just like that already offers the French Withings. Pending applications for headphones.

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Gender equality is properly the subject of agreements with social partners. Just as returning from maternity leave, "interviews" are provided in most companies. Why, then, women have as much trouble to return to work?

"After a maternity or parental leave, employees often feel of being outside projects. There was a loss of connection. To this may be added the fact of leaving her child … If the firm does not establish adequate conditions for return, the performance will not be at the rendezvous, "said Clare Hart. The English came to France to complete his studies, was created in response, in 1993, ILO (International Organization Language), business language training, translation and interpretation, based near Montpellier. It has 18 employees, 85% women and 26 babies since its inception … From the "motherhood issues," Clare Hart has an opportunity to develop flexibility.

Generalize pairs

In addition to interviews pre and post-discharge, she devised a system of pairs of all positions. Thus, the quality manager he is the deputy accountant, for example. "It's simple, she says. Just take an inventory of tasks within the company, then distribute them in the accompanying training. "

Today, the system benefits everyone. "The pairs organize themselves. They come to me with solutions, not problems, which allows me, as a manager, to focus on the positive, "says the leader. She believes that this system is transferable to large groups.

For the latter, the problem is the lack of proximity. "Talk to the return period is a key moment, says Lawrence Depond, Director of the diversity of France Telecom Orange. After a first child or solidarity leave people no longer the same. They generally want to evolve, "says he. The group also recommends he strongly these talks, whatever the nature of the leave. But the implementation of the device is within its 12,000 managers in France. To accompany them, he sent twenty locally "relevant professional equality" trained at ESSEC. More recently, the group developed a series of films shown on its intranet to encourage fathers to take more responsibility vis-à-vis children

.

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A decree and a decree signed by Xavier Bertrand were published in the Official Journal on Thursday, trying to implement a solution against excess fees the most excessive.

As expected, the Minister of Health proposes to anesthetists, surgeons and obstetricians in sector 2 (free prices) to limit their excess fees to 50% beyond the "tariff Safely." It also requires them to perform at least 30% of acts without overshoot. Nothing compulsory volunteers receive in exchange for partial support of their social contributions. In parallel, complementary health (mutual, private insurers, pension funds) are imposed the obligation to repay the overruns to keep certain tax advantages.

The device must be expanded in the coming days. Another decree to impose additional pay as overruns in other medical specialties. With one difference: the doctors involved will commit to not charge more than 20% above the tariff Safely, on acts alone techniques (imaging, minor surgery …). They can not in practice on clinical procedures and consultations.

Paradox: the device does not fully satisfied neither the doctors nor the supplemental insurers, not patients. While appreciating a "real breakthrough", the CSMF, the first organization of private practitioners, regrets that "practitioners of a sector is left out guaranteed approval cash loans." Even the tone of the union side, the Bloc, the majority among the surgical specialties. A sector physicians are those who do not have the right to introduce overshoot. They should stick to Safely rates. But Medicare itself recognizes that such rates, frozen for years because of funding, will not match the cost nor the time nor the level of expertise and legal risk of surgical procedures .

Mutuality French, meanwhile, feared windfall: many surgeons already practicing anesthetists or overruns "moderate". They could grow to the the 50% tariff beyond Social Security, and receive in addition to the lightening of their burdens. Conversely, in areas with a concentration of very large excesses (Paris, Lyon, Paca …), the Mutual fears that the track is "unattractive to practitioners" and therefore ineffective. For patients without supplemental coverage (less than 10% of the population), the problem will remain the same for them.

The solution is partial, imperfect, its success is not guaranteed. She still deserves to exist, after years of fruitless negotiations between doctors, health insurance and mutual agreements signed no tomorrow, and threats of intervention policies ever implemented.

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The popularity of Apple is more than ever to go. Queues of hundreds of people were already this morning in front of stores in Asia to buy the new iPad. The new version of Apple's tablet is sold from today in ten countries, including France but also Japan, the United States and Hong Kong. However, mainland China, growing market for Apple, will wait a little longer before discovering the new product, which includes the 4G.

The enthusiastic reception by fans of the new Apple iPad has still pushed the title of the company this week. The action is briefly above the $ 600 mark yesterday in New York. She had reached $ 500 for the first time last month. In one year, the stock has increased by 70% and the valuation of the company is approaching $ 560 billion. According to projections by Morgan Stanley, Apple's stock could reach $ 960 by next year if the market remains bullish. At the same maturity, the house of Jefferies sees financial services as a trading at $ 699 or $ 800 if the economic environment improves.

Since launching the first version of the iPad in 2010, Apple sold 55 million tablets worldwide. According to calculations by the Gartner Institute, sales of tablets, all brands, are expected to reach 326 million copies in 2015, and the Apple brand is expected to cut the lion's share.  

For his part, Choi Gee-sung, vice president of Samsung Electronics, Apple's biggest competitor on smartphones and tablets, said this morning waiting for a difficult year 2012 with increased competition in the electronics.

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On the eve of the publication of results of Veolia, a board of directors at high risk takes place today Wednesday. Officially it is only to approve the annual accounts of the leading global service to local communities. A particularly difficult task. Veolia Environnement is expected to announce a loss that, according to the most pessimistic forecasts could exceed 400 million euros. CEO Antoine Frerot has, indeed, last summer provisioned 838 million euros in assets and Veolia announced a half-year loss, before launching a new profit warning in October.

Beyond the numbers, it is open warfare between Proglio, former CEO, and Mr. Frérot, his successor and former prisoners, which stimulates our curiosity.  

Rumors last week, on a landing of Antoine Brother and his replacement by former Environment Minister Borloo caused an outcry and controversy that has swollen to the Elysee. The hypothesis Borloo was then quickly dismissed. As for the crucial issue of governance, it should not be treated before the presidential election.

The CEO of EDF, must always

Anyway, nobody can guarantee that the impetuous Proglio will not return when the board held at noon. The CEO of EDF has declared war on his former protégé since it has challenged its management at the helm of Veolia. He could distance himself from the strategy of cost reduction and contraction of the debt through the sale of billions of euros of assets, starting with the branch transport Transdev one hour payday loan. Unless this advice is especially an opportunity for administrators to try to stop a war they have hardly appreciated as it gives a poor image "of the governance of French companies," said a close group.

Antoine Frérot big plays. Hitherto largely under the thumb of his mentor, he might seek to impose and carry out the restoration group. Unless, like imagine trying to do a close case, the two men do not come close again.

A return to the harmony of the past, however, seems difficult to contemplate. Especially since the issue of governance is far from over. Five of the seven directors, all chosen by Proglio, must be renewed soon to the Board of Veolia. Augustin de Romanet, who leaves March 7 the Deposit, will resign tonight's mandate. On 15 March a new board will decide on the expiration of the term of Baudouin Prot (BNP Paribas), Jean Azema (former head of Groupama), Louis Schweitzer and Pierre-Andre de Chalendar (Saint Gobain). Antoine Frérot attempt he then to bring relatives to the board to loosen the grip?

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LE FIGARO. – Your mission in the Ministry of Agriculture will soon end, what measures are you most satisfied?

Bruno Le Maire. – I am proud to have initiated the Battle of regulation in Europe and having secured the CAP budget. I do not regret the hundreds of hours of negotiations that allowed us to achieve: for without the CAP, farmers know that French agriculture is not as strong today. There are also contracts between producers and manufacturers that provide visibility and stability to farm incomes, modernizing sectors of slaughter cattle and finally the reform of the wine that allowed him to resume in 2011 its first place worldwide.

With what results?

We handed agriculture at the heart of the national pact. We have him set the objective: competitiveness, with the aim of sustainable agriculture. No one will return our choice because they produce results. The price of beef back, and demanding meat markets French no fax pay day loan. This is the first time in 14 years! The average income of farmers increased from € 14,500 in 2009 to € 30,200 in 2011. The surplus of the agricultural trade balance has doubled in two years. There are still too many gaps, and I remain vigilant on prices. But it gets better. And more personally, farmers have learned a lot myself. They can always count on me.

What are the issues that remain unresolved?

We must first deal with the chain of fruit and vegetables which is more fragile today. Will largely continue to reduce labor costs, as decided by the president. When I hear Francois Hollande said that there is no problem of labor costs, I see he does not know the reality of the agricultural world.

Finally, it will come to correct misunderstandings and clashes between environmentalists and agricultural world.

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Nicolas Sarkozy's promise to the workers and employees is clear: lowering of 4 billion euros labor costs at the minimum wage, will increase their take home pay. To finance the measure without worsening deficits, it intends to eliminate the employment bonus (PPE) and increase the taxation of dividends. A device that is the electorate.

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