The world of dog is not alien powers to DNA. He has also used its "services" for many years. And this, in two major areas of application: the detection of genetic diseases on the one hand, and the parentage of the other.

350 genetic diseases in dogs

There are about 350 dogs hereditary defects (against 5,000 in humans). Research – three laboratories in France working in the field of canine genetics – allowed for certain defects develop markers. These help to identify a male or a female for breeding (and competing standard) is free or affected by a particular pathology.

The status of the parents tested "negative" may be affixed to the pedigree, official document of the dogs.

Through these tests, the breeder who performs thorough job selection may evict reproductive individuals carrying. Some dogs may be healthy carriers, that is to say, be affected by a disease without showing symptoms, however, while being able to pass it. The tests may be required by a breed club within its rating scale, a sort of "ranking" of the best subjects.

A guarantee for the future master

However, there is still no test for all diseases, but susceptible breeds are available in which they can expect to see and decrease the spread of genetic diseases in their livestock.

The usefulness of such tests, when available, also benefits the future master. In its efforts to acquire a puppy, it can ensure that parents are free, which is an additional safeguard to avoid having to deal with a puppy who in turn will present a pathology. Genetic diseases, like all those reported before the purchase of an insurance animal health within the scope of exclusions of reimbursement, it is therefore a significant caution.

The DNA also allows traceability of pups in a litter. Thus, one can know with certainty that they are from the cross of like father and mother like her.

This is the official club of the breed English bulldog in this area which was the forerunner in introducing a DNA test to determine parentage in 1998. SCC (Societe Centrale Canine) which manages the LOF (Book of French origin) in France while an estimated three pedigree had at least one false statement. "It was a success in terms of ranchers who wanted to stand out from the merchants of dogs," says Helene Denis, president of the club's English bulldog. "To date we have over 1,000 bulldogs identified which quarter with controlled descent for both parents," she says.

The last important point, and not least, among the genes identified in dogs, several are directly relevant to humans. Some studies conducted in canine genetics can be transposed in human medicine and help advance research.

Proof once again that the dog outside of his abilities for the company and its role at times of carer, may hold promise of hope in our health.

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The oil company BP has reached an agreement Friday night with lawyers from individuals and businesses that have suffered the sinking of its Deepwater Horizon oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Tens of thousands of victims of the worst oil spill in history and will share $ 7.8 billion.

This decision rejects the trial, to be held Monday to determine the liability of BP in the disaster. The judge handling the case, Carl Barber, decided again to postpone the hearing indefinitely to allow such parties to "review their respective positions." Fishermen, businesses, individuals … according to the Anglo-Saxon media, approximately 116,000 people will share the $ 7.8 billion under the control of American justice. This process can take years, some experts argue. The complainants had an interest in finding an agreement, says lawyer David Uhlmann in the New York Times, "they would have to face years of litigation, with the key compensation may be lower than they were obtained by negotiation. "

No impact on cash

For its part, BP said in a statement that the agreement will have no impact on its cash and will not increase the reserves already provided to meet the bill for the disaster. The compensation will be tapped to fund a $ 20 billion already recorded in expenses. Counting the payments already made to victims as well as various expenses, there remains $ 5.5 billion into the coffers of the group dedicated to the file Deepwater Horizon. $ 13.8 billion have been spent cleaning up the spill.

The agreement did however sign for BP or end spending, nor procedures. Hundreds of complainants were not represented at the negotiations, the paper recalls the New Orleans Times-Picayune. They could decide to continue to pursue the tanker. The group acknowledges, "it is impossible today to say whether the $ 20 billion fund will be sufficient to satisfy all claimants." Especially, "the proposed agreement does not include complaints filed against BP by the U.S. Department of Justice, or by other federal agencies, or by states or local governments," says BP. The authorities say they are open to discussions. The oil is desirable: it would save him the embarrassment of seeing his mistakes and shortcomings exposed at the helm for weeks.  

Reduce costs

In parallel, the U.S. Federal Justice is conducting a criminal investigation. If it has yet led to anything concrete, the Minister of Justice Eric Holder should report progress soon, reports the Times-Picayune. The challenge: identify the responsibilities of different groups who worked on the Deepwater Horizon. BP, Transocean, Halliburton and the cement manufacturer wells Cameron International have jointly sued. Several reports have been published to try to separate the responsibilities. The first, led by a presidential commission concluded that the most serious accident in the history of oil was caused by the will of the groups involved to reduce costs at the expense of safety. A second, directed by the Coastguard, says the fault lies ultimately in BP.  

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The unions of the Banque de France are headwind against the Court of Auditors. In its annual public report published a week ago, it was severely pinned managing the bank since 2005. "This report is a violent charge against the Bank of France, against his business and against his staff," thundered Michael Felce, general counsel representing the staff on Thursday during a press conference at the headquarters of the Mint French.

Main stumbling block, the austerity measures recommended by the magistrates of the rue Cambon. While acknowledging the "very favorable" in recent years the numbers have been reduced by 25% in ten years, they urged the bank to go further to meet the objectives of competitiveness in the Eurosystem to by 2020. On 5000 retirements coming, they recommend the non-replacement of two out of three employees.

Management of debt

"This recommendation will severely impair the activity of the Bank of France, or even lead it to withdraw from certain local public services" say unions unanimous. Before recalling that the scope of the institution has strengthened considerably since the 2008 crisis, ultimately forcing him to retain a high. With 13,000 full time equivalent jobs, "the Bank of France alone employs more workers than all 16 other central banks in the euro area together," castigates Yet the Court of Auditors. But "a lot of our tasks are not performed by other central banks," says Michael Felce, citing in particular the activities of management of debt or credit mediation.

The unions dispute the criticism

The Inter also disputes the criticism of mismanagement related to the sale of gold, considered too fast by the magistrates of the Court or the recommendations of sale of certain activities to private companies, such as recycling of tickets, "which cost would be automatically passed on to consumers', prevent employee representatives.

Union officials, however, conceded that productivity gains could be made, particularly by automating certain tasks or by separating property. Leave to abandon the beautiful neighborhoods of Paris, where its place? "We did not object," said the Inter.

Last week, the governor of the Banque de France, Christian Noyer, had also swept the critics of the Court of Auditors, recalling that a restructuring plan for the activity and reduction of staff was already underway. "I do not need lessons," he concluded.

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A successful international expansion

Casino has succeeded mainly in some countries. The group of Latin America's main platform for international expansion, although the group has some nice success in Asia (Thailand and Vietnam). First, it is Brazil, where Casino owns jointly with its parent company Rallye, 48.1% of CBD Grupo Pao de Açúcar. The success of Casino in the country had also been salivating Carrefour and its shareholders. They had tried to orchestrate a merger that was not the taste of Casino.

A successful real estate subsidiary

Casino can also count on its real estate subsidiary Mercialys. It is worth 2.56 billion euros for a wealth of 2.54 billion euros. In fact Carrefour has assets, much larger, estimated at 15 billion euros. But its real estate subsidiary project fell into the water.

Little excitement in the shareholding

At Casino, ownership has been stable since the merger in 1992 Rallye and Casino. Jean-Charles Naouri has locked the capital since its holdings Rally and Kerrous hold 51.09 and 6.49% of shares. Brother Albert is a quiet and faithful shareholder with 1.7% of the capital. At Carrefour, the float was very important before Bernard Arnault and Colony Capital will invite themselves to capital. They jointly hold nearly 14% of the shares 100% free credit score.

Governance, clear and precise

At Casino, Jean-Charles Naouri decides.At Carrefour, the change of presidents have succeeded without success. Since the departure of Daniel Bernard, nor José-Luis Duran or Lars Olofsson have managed to revive the company. On the contrary, records against Carrefour-performance, particularly in France.

To a satisfactory third quarter Casino

Wednesday, October 12 evening, Casino will publish its revenue for the third quarter. While billings should not proceed at a pace as rapid as in the first half (+18.8%) but growth is expected to remain satisfactory. Unlike Carrefour, Casino relies on strong performances in France.

The stock options

These findings illustrate the past, but investors should now focus on the analysis of the perspectives of both groups. From this point of view, the stock options is tricky.In fact, Carrefour has fallen very low and it is difficult to imagine a new fall of the action. Carrefour has suffered a lot of hedge fund strategy of buying and selling Carrefour Casino uncovered. Most of the fall of Carrefour is behind us. The recovery will take time but it should be occurring at one time or another. Casino has a real advantage for the shareholder, the group pays a regular dividend and generous. Those who want to enjoy a very high efficiency can also turn to rally, the parent company of Casino.

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More limited carrying capacity

Estimates of the study Mastercard "Report on the economic impact of Rugby World: 2011 World Cup," the economic activity generated by the event is expected to reach $ 654 million (479 million), 18 % less than the 2007 edition in France. Main reason: the carrying capacity, especially in the stages are not the same. In New Zealand, the largest chamber (the Eden Park in Auckland) can accommodate 60,000 rugby fans. This figure drops to 40,000 for the second largest stadium. In total, only five of the twelve speakers in the competition beyond the 30,000 seats. In France in 2007, all exceeded the 32,000 seats.Enough to blow up the number of tickets sold in the Hexagon at 2.25 million, against 1.35 million sold in 2011 according to MasterCard. Next visitors, a double standard as well, since 95,000 fans are expected in the country of Blacks against more than 325,000 in 2007.

Overall, the economic impact of the sixth edition of Rugby World Cup in 2007 was estimated at 540 million euros, of which over 85% from the tourism (spending by spectators, lodging, drinks, souvenirs …). A record that does not beat New Zealand in terms of direct benefits. It remains to know the net financial gain from the competition.Those of this edition will not be known precisely until a few weeks, but we know already that they will be affected by 550 million euros spent on building or renovating stadiums, where France had limited its expenses (most stadiums were renovated for the World Cup soccer in 1998). The catastrophe of Christchurch should also weigh on the accounts. In 2007, net income of the competition had reached about 113 million euros, while New Zealand could lose money on this event.

The hearing will be at the rendezvous

The only consolation for the organizers of New Zealand against the semi-economic success: the increasing popularity of the rugby world should not be questioned. About 4 billion viewers (cumulative audience) should follow the matches of the competition.Almost as much as 4 years ago (4.2 billion according to URS Finance and Economics and the International Rugby Board). More than 220 million euros in marketing and TV rights for the event have been sold by the IRB, against only 190 million for the French edition of 2007. The fact is that New Zealand will not see the color of money, revenue from TV rights and advertising contracts falling directly into the pocket of the Board, to fund the global development of rugby.

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This good performance is due to the pricing bottom of the sign. That the budget would shrink consumer this year, Leclerc done since a few months more to offer the Nutella jars, bottles of Coca President and cheese at the best price. The group has "invested nearly 25% of the margin," explained Michel-Edouard Leclerc mid-July, commenting on the figures of the first half.

The strategy paid because Leclerc is gaining ground: its market share was 17.4% in early August, up to a point in a year.These are mainly customers who now prefer to Carrefour to shop at Leclerc. Carrefour has lost almost one million customers a year, says the firm Kantar. Consumers have felt that the company has passed the rate increases negotiated with suppliers in the spring. This summer, the group also backed down, becoming aggressive pricing.

400 terminals withdrawal in 2015

Newer phenomenon also explains the slowing of Carrefour and Leclerc force: the drives low rates payday advance. "A significant part of the decline in Carrefour," which has only a few points of withdrawal of courses ordered online, "is already benefiting from E. Leclerc and Auchan, note Kantar. With Auchandrive and Chronodrive, Auchan is the pioneer of these terminals, located next to the supermarket or along a busy road.Noting that the French want to spend less time to shop and do not want to pay more, as with delivery services or Houra Telemarket, Leclerc decided in 2007 to max out the Yankee brand. In late June, 101 E. Leclercdrives were already spread over the territory. They will number 150 at the end of the year and 400 in 2015. In this horizon, Leclerc expects to achieve with this method of distribution sales of 1.5 billion euros, almost five times more than the 350 million expected this year. "One third of our growth comes from the drive. This format is already 1.4% of our turnover, more than double a year ago, "according to Michel-Edouard Leclerc.

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Investors also benefit from a further weakening of the yen against the dollar and the euro the dollar was trading at 76.7 yen (0.10%) and currency EUROPEAN, 111.49 yen (0.36 %). However, some export values ​​do not. This is the case of Toyota who drops 1.91% to 2715 yen, Honda lost 1.22% to 2415 yen.However, Sony climbed 2.82% to 1637 yen.

The oil prices down slightly

Chinese markets are evolving in a piecemeal: the Hong Kong Hang Seng rose 1.51% to 19,879.50 points while the CSI 300 Shanghai loose 1.30% to 2863.39 points. According to Reuters, China has reportedly asked its banks to include their deposits in reserves required by the Central Bank.As a result, Chinese banks are severely impacted the stock market: China Merchants Bank 3.13% to loose 11.74 yuan, China Citi Bank lost 3.45% to 4.47 yuan and Industrial & Commercial Bank of China sells 1.44 % to 4.1 yuan.

On the other Asian financial centers, investors are generally in good spirits Monday morning: the Taiwan TAIEX advances 1.79% at 7578.01 points, the Kospi in Seoul gained 2.96% to 1831.55 points, the S & P / ASX 200 was up sharply from 1.82% to 4276.50 points, the BSE Sensex up 30 wins 2.64% to 16,268 points and the FTSE Straits Times rises from 1.33% to 2784.85 points.

Oil prices were slightly lower Monday morning during electronic trading in Asia, due to the drop-off in demand after the closure of airports on the east coast of the United States, when Hurricane Irene, have analysts said.In morning trading, a barrel of "light sweet crude" for delivery in October gave 13 cents to 85.24 dollars per barrel of Brent North Sea crude for October delivery let go 28 cents to 111.08 dollars.

The Prime Minister must take into account most of what now seems inevitable growth in 2012 will be lower than previously expected the government (2.25%), making efforts to do even more important. To revise this forecast in a few weeks or Wednesday when presenting the draft budget law, the government wants in any case the figures show "politically and economically realistic," they say in Bercy."It will include the best high end, if it shows 1.2% forecast for next year, it is safe to freeze business investment. It must be very careful, "said a relative of the head of state. Nevertheless, growth should be difficult to take off again. After the violent air hole of the second quarter of this year's event would go back gently quarters. The president of MEDEF, Laurence Parisot, said on Monday that it would be "very difficult" to reach the 2% target this year for his part, Minister of Economy, Baroin, says that "we Online "with this prediction.

Convince markets

Economists, they have already begun to scale back their assumptions for 2011, but for 2012. A study conducted by Reuters with a half-dozen financial institutions reported an average of 1.4% growth for next year.Among the most pessimistic, the U.S. bank Morgan Stanley last week lowered its forecast to only 0.9% next year against 1.6% previously. Other scenarios are less black, as BNP Paribas, which provides 1.6% or 1.7% Barclays Capital.

Whatever the figure used by the government – which is likely to approach the 2% increase – it will in any case that markets are convinced that under the budget he intends to introduce. A necessary step towards the restoration of confidence.

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This court decision, taken on July 28, was revealed by Charlie Hebdo before being confirmed Tuesday by a judicial source. The prosecutor did not appeal the decision within five days following the judge's order, the trial is inevitable. It should not however be held before 2012.

The accused are suspected of wrongdoing in the program "Oil against food." This device, developed by the UN between 1996 and 2002 allowed the regime of Saddam Hussein, then subjected to an embargo of the Security Council, to sell the black gold in exchange for food and medicine.

Pasqua accused of corruption and influence peddling

Justice suspected leaders of Total for putting in place a system of kickbacks to benefit from oil markets and to have circumvented the ban by buying barrels of Iraqi oil through front companies. The company is well prosecuted for bribery of foreign public officials, influence peddling stolen goods and conspiracy to influence peddling Payday Loan for Bad Credit. Its current CEO, Christophe de Margerie, is returned for complicity in misuse of corporate assets."We are confident in the outcome of the trial and the fact it is established that Total can not be accused of the facts stated," responded the oil group.

Other French officials involved would have received their commissions in the form of barrels of oil allocations. Two former high-ranking diplomats will be translated for corruption: Jean-Bernard Merimee, Ambassador of France to the UN from 1991 to 1995, and Serge Boidevaix, former Secretary General of the Quai d'Orsay. Charles Pasqua will defend him on charges of corruption and influence peddling for acts committed between 1996 and 2002.

"It's quite a surprise and an unpleasant surprise" immediately commented on France Info's lawyer, Leon-Lef Forster. The latter was surprised that the judge, who took over in 2010 an investigation in 2002, has taken its decision without even "bothered to ask (his) client."But he said he had "no concerns" about the outcome of the trial.

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Christophe de Margerie. – What do you want Total to answer those who have already tried? However, I am ready to discuss the importance of our results and what they serve. In the first half, we invested 11.3 billion euros. We prepare the future, not just to look for oil and gas but also by positioning ourselves on new energy sources such as photovoltaic. In the second quarter, our results in dollars rose by 7% yoy and 19% in the first half.This is a more moderate increase than in oil and gas knowing that it mainly benefits the producing countries, our average tax rate was increased to nearly 60%.

It blames the gasoline pumps, starting with Total, a secret on prices …

There are no more transparent than the fuel market in France: the prices are posted daily on the Internet and on motorways. But the best protection for consumers is competition. The distribution market in France is hypercompetitive, with margins among the lowest in Europe, less than 1 cent per liter. This has led almost all the major oil companies to withdraw from the French market, but at least not total! For me, the fewer stations in France is a concern because it affects access to energy for all the French.Let us not forget that if our brand image of a monopoly, it is never that 20 to 25% of the market based on fuel. Far from the supermarkets, which account for more than 60%.

In France, Total is testing gas stations cheap, will you extend this experience?

The first results are satisfactory. We intend to extend the experience. Many issues remain unresolved, including the name and position in relation to our current network. One thing is certain, if we convert the try, we'll do it our way, with low prices, certainly, but also a real quality of service. Before any changes, a necessary preliminary: the dialogue with social partners.

You explore and exploit deeper and deeper, further. Is not it risky?

We do not manage a pension.Our goal is to identify and develop the reserves today that will meet the demands of tomorrow payday advance. For this, we must actually take calculated risks but the real risk of being hindered in accessing new reserves. So yes, we are going to countries 'difficult' in the political, technical or environmental: Burma, Nigeria, Libya or Canada and its oil sands … Production costs have soared. A barrel today is much more investment than ever, it is of a barrel of "high technology". Macondo after (the explosion of the BP platform in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico, Ed), our security requirements are more than ever the priority but it will take part in rising costs, as well as requirements energy efficiency and reducing emissions of greenhouse gas emissions.I remind you that Total is committed to halving its volume of gas flared between 2005 and 2014.

What is your strategy to access these new reserves?

We are strengthening our strategy begun almost two years. We have made acquisitions of high quality. While we were rather conservative on sales, we prove that we know sell and sell well. We have sold our interests in the Spanish company Cepsa, to nearly $ 4 billion in an offshore block in Angola, most recently in the Norwegian gas pipeline network.We breathe our asset portfolio and disclaim cash flow for future growth on younger workers, focused on our growth areas in high technology – the ultra-deep offshore, liquefied natural gas (LNG) or gas as unconventional shale gas – while ensuring a good geographical balance. These eighteen months we have seen thus strengthen our position in Russia, Australia, Canada or in East Africa.

With shale gas, Total is it becoming a group more gas?

Our strategy includes both oil and gas. Today, gas is essential, it is cleaner than coal and oil to produce electricity. Gas now accounts for 45% of the total production, oil 55%. Shale gas has upset the market in the United States.In Europe, we start – when you can – just exploring, although many of exploration permits for the shale gas is already taken. However, we are already permits in Denmark, Poland, with Exxon, and Argentina.